La recepción durante el siglo XX se preguntó si la filosofía nietzscheana era a-, im- o anti-política, es decir, si podía ser asimilada por la democracia, o si era antimoderna, elitista y reaccionaria. El italiano Roberto Esposito ha propuesto leerla como formando e informando el paradigma de la biopolítica. Se discuten cuatro lecturas de esa biopolítica: como formadora del paradigma de la inmunidad, como tanatopolítica, como liberal y neoliberal, y como biopolítica afirmativa. Twentieth-century readers wondered if Nietzschean philosophy was apolitical, (...) impolitic, or anti-political; that is, if it could be assimilated by democracy or if it was antimodern, elitist, and reactionary. The Italian philosopher Robert Esposito has proposed reading Nietzsche's philosophy as forming and informing the biopolitical paradigm. Four readings of these biopolitics are discussed: as part of the paradigm of immunity, as thanatopolitics, as liberal and neoliberal, and as affirmative biopolitics. (shrink)

Flórez-Miller, Guillermo. "El concepto de la voluntad libre en la Introducción a los Principios de la filosofía del derechode G.W.F. Hegel". Pensamiento y Cultura [Universidad de la Sabana] 16.1 (2013): 18-40.

Este artículo pretende establecer los nexos y asociaciones de los conceptos fundamentales que sustentan la obra filosófica, pero sobre todo la critica literaria de Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot. Hegel y Schlegel aparecen como pilares que fundamentan sus interpretaciones criticas y sobre los cuales se abre el horizonte de América Latina; a través de autores como Jorge Luis Borges, Alfonso Reyes y César Vallejo.

Este artículo pretende establecer los nexos y asociaciones de los conceptos fundamentales que sustentan la obra filosófica, pero sobre todo la critica literaria de Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot. Hegel y Schlegel aparecen como pilares que fundamentan sus interpretaciones criticas y sobre los cuales se abre el horizonte de América Latina; a través de autores como Jorge Luis Borges, Alfonso Reyes y César Vallejo.

In previous works, an ontology of properties for quantum mechanics has been proposed, according to which quantum systems are bundles of properties with no principle of individuality. The aim of the present article is to show that, since quasi-set theory is particularly suited for dealing with aggregates of items that do not belong to the traditional category of individual, it supplies an adequate meta-language to speak of the proposed ontology of properties and its structure.

This paper introduces the theory QST of quasets as a formal basis for the Nmatrices. The main aim is to construct a system of Nmatrices by substituting standard sets by quasets. Since QST is a conservative extension of ZFA (the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with Atoms), it is possible to obtain generalized Nmatrices (Q-Nmatrices). Since the original formulation of QST is not completely adequate for the developments we advance here, some possible amendments to the theory are also considered. One of the (...) most interesting traits of such an extension is the existence of complementary quasets which admit elements with undetermined membership. Such elements can be interpreted as quantum systems in superposed states. We also present a relationship of QST with the theory of Rough Sets RST, which grants the existence of models for SQT formed by rough sets. Some consequences of the given formalism for the relation of logical consequence are also analysed. (shrink)

Mereology deals with the study of the relations between wholes and parts. In this work we will discuss different developments and open problems related to the formulation of a quantum mereology. In particular, we will discuss different advances in the development of formal systems aimed to describe the whole-parts relationship in the context of quantum theory.

In this paper we discuss the notions of adequacy and truth functionality in quantum logic from the point of view of a non-deterministic semantics. We give a characterization of the degree of non-functionality which is compatible with the propositional structure of quantum theory, showing that having truth-functional connectives, together with some assumptions regarding the relation of logical consequence, commits us to the adequacy of the interpretation sets of these connectives. An advantage of our proof is that it is independent of (...) the number of truth values involved, generalizing previous works. We also show the failure of the adequacy of every Nmatrix that is a model of the non-distributive lattice of quantum propositions. En este trabajo discutimos las nociones de adecuación y veritativo-funcionalidad en la lógica cuántica, desde el punto de vista de una semántica no determinista. Damos una caracterización del grado de no-funcionalidad compatible con la estructura proposicional de la teoría cuántica, mostrando que tener conectivos veritativo-funcionales, junto con algunos presupuestos relativos a la relación de consecuencia lógica, nos compromete con la adecuación de los conjuntos de interpretación de estos conectivos. Un punto ventajoso de nuestra prueba es que se independiza de la cantidad de valores de verdad involucrados, generalizando trabajos previos. Probamos también que falla la adecuación de cualquier Nmatriz que sirva como modelo para el retículo no distributivo de proposiciones cuánticas. (shrink)

El presente artículo pone en alto los aspectos filosóficos de la investigación sobre sí mismo que realizó el escritor Hernando Téllez (1908-1966) en su obra ensayística. Esto permite señalar la condición híbrida y abierta del género ensayístico, la cual hace posible situar la reflexión de Téllez en un espacio indiscernible entre la literatura y la filosofía con un mutuo enriquecimiento de estas dos formas de pensamiento. A partir de lo anterior, se concluye que es necesario reinterpretar el período previo a (...) la profesionalización de la filosofía en Colombia, ya no solo como un lapso de tránsito a la modernización, sino como un momento de la reflexión literaria y filosófica con sus propias gramáticas de creación, relacionamiento y divulgación del pensamiento. (shrink)

When visual attention is directed away from a stimulus, neural processing is weak and strength and precision of sensory data decreases. From a computational perspective, in such situations observers should give more weight to prior expectations in order to behave optimally during a discrimination task. Here we test a signal detection theoretic model that counter-intuitively predicts subjects will do just the opposite in a discrimination task with two stimuli, one attended and one unattended: when subjects are probed to discriminate the (...) unattended stimulus, they rely less on prior information about the probed stimulus’ identity. The model is in part inspired by recent findings that attention reduces trial-by-trial variability of the neuronal population response and that they use a common criterion for attended and unattended trials. In five different visual discrimination experiments, when attention was directed away from the target stimulus, subjects did not adjust their response bias in reaction to a change in stimulus presentation frequency despite being fully informed and despite the presence of performance feedback and monetary and social incentives. This indicates that subjects did not rely more on the priors under conditions of inattention as would be predicted by a Bayes-optimal observer model. These results inform and constrain future models of Bayesian inference in the human brain. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to present the main contributions to peace, democracy, and the philosophy of education in Colombia, made by philosopher Guillermo Hoyos-Vásquez (Medellín, 1935 – Bogotá, 2013). The work of this Colombian philosopher stands out for its important contributions to political philosophy as the vital, supportive, and responsible exercise of thought concerning the public interest. Using Kant’s concept of practical reason, Husserl’s lifeworld [Lebenswelt], and Habermas’s communicative action as starting points, Hoyos-Vásquez succeeded in going beyond (...) these political philosophers by trying to apply their ideas in the midst of the difficult context of corruption, drug trafficking and armed conflict in Colombia over the past five decades. At the same time, Hoyos-Vásquez developed throughout his life a varied public activity as a thinker and educator, belying the myth of the theoretical distance between the philosopher and his/her political present or historical reality. The thought of Guillermo Hoyos-Vásquez, and his public action as an educator, represent a substantial contribution to contemporary political and educational philosophy, maintaining a close connection between theory and practice. (shrink)

Scientific progress is one of the most popular topics in philosophy of science. Currently, the area offers a range of models to choose scientific progress, when addressing the specific processes that occurred in a particular discipline of science. In this article we analyze the notion of theoretical change in biochemistry, but translatable to biology and biomedical sciences by making use of the pull of theories, under one of the prospects of scientific progress, P. Kitcher, which we believe is one of (...) the best to shed clarity to the discussion of the case. (shrink)

The main objective of this work is to analyze the intention to reduce some areas of Ecology to Physiology. The origin of this research of reduction was done through consolidation of metabolic ecological theory in first years of XXIst century. Considering this objective, general framework was based on the proposal of Sahotra Sarkar.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have had extraordinary successes in classifying photographic images of objects and are often described as the best models of biological vision. This conclusion is largely based on three sets of findings: (1) DNNs are more accurate than any other model in classifying images taken from various datasets, (2) DNNs do the best job in predicting the pattern of human errors in classifying objects taken from various behavioral datasets, and (3) DNNs do the best job in predicting (...) brain signals in response to images taken from various brain datasets (e.g., single cell responses or fMRI data). However, these behavioral and brain datasets do not test hypotheses regarding what features are contributing to good predictions and we show that the predictions may be mediated by DNNs that share little overlap with biological vision. More problematically, we show that DNNs account for almost no results from psychological research. This contradicts the common claim that DNNs are good, let alone the best, models of human object recognition. We argue that theorists interested in developing biologically plausible models of human vision need to direct their attention to explaining psychological findings. More generally, theorists need to build models that explain the results of experiments that manipulate independent variables designed to test hypotheses rather than compete on making the best predictions. We conclude by briefly summarizing various promising modeling approaches that focus on psychological data. (shrink)

We present a longitudinal computational study on the connection between emotional and amodal word representations from a developmental perspective. In this study, children's and adult word representations were generated using the latent semantic analysis (LSA) vector space model and Word Maturity methodology. Some children's word representations were used to set a mapping function between amodal and emotional word representations with a neural network model using ratings from 9‐year‐old children. The neural network was trained and validated in the child semantic space. (...) Then, the resulting neural network was tested with adult word representations using ratings from an adult data set. Samples of 1210 and 5315 words were used in the child and the adult semantic spaces, respectively. Results suggested that the emotional valence of words can be predicted from amodal vector representations even at the child stage, and accurate emotional propagation was found in the adult word vector representations. In this way, different propagative processes were observed in the adult semantic space. These findings highlight a potential mechanism for early verbal emotional anchoring. Moreover, different multiple linear regression and mixed‐effect models revealed moderation effects for the performance of the longitudinal computational model. First, words with early maturation and subsequent semantic definition promoted emotional propagation. Second, an interaction effect between age of acquisition and abstractness was found to explain model performance. The theoretical and methodological implications are discussed. (shrink)

Since its emergence, the contemporary environmental problem has become an object of analysis and intervention both for ecology (area of biology) and for different intergovernmental organizations with a global reach. In both fields, a series of conceptual frameworks have been developed aimed at addressing ecological changes, that is, those alterations that affect units that are the object of study of ecology. The aim of this paper is to clarify and contrast the ways in which disturbance ecology (a recent field within (...) ecology) and different intergovernmental organizations conceptualize and approach ecological change. To do this, we make an analytical comparison between the ecological concept of ‘disturbance’ and the notion of ‘driver’ coming from intergovernmental organizations. In the comparison, we observe that these concepts seek to explain similar processes of ecological change under the same causal logic, although they show important differences in the treatment of the initial conditions that allow them to be studied. We conclude that the notion of ‘driver’ leads to an epistemological impoverishment in relation to the concept of ‘disturbance’. Finally, we discuss some implications of this epistemological problem, given that it is the impoverished notion of ‘driver’ that is imposed on the international context when explaining an ecological change, and materialized in guidelines which are recognized by nations around the world. Thus, this impoverishment is transferred to the field of public policy. It is urgent to rethink to what extent we are contributing to the construction and reproduction of an epistemologically impoverished environmental problem. (shrink)

En gran medida, el cambio climático ha sido estructurado de manera jerárquica en escalas-niveles: local, regional y global. Sin embargo, el vínculo entre dichas escalas-niveles y la delimitación de cada una dista de ser trivial. En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar cómo es considerado el cambio climático y sus escalas-niveles por el Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) y en dos proyectos productivos: las plantaciones forestales de Chile y el trigo transgénico HB4. Ambos proyectos son exhibidos en (...) armonía con los objetivos de mitigación y/o adaptación al cambio climático, pero cuestionados por tener prácticas dañinas para el ambiente. En términos generales, a pesar de las múltiples causas que se asocian al cambio climático, mostramos que, en ambos proyectos productivos, la emisión de dióxido de carbono es presentada como única su causa, y la gestión del carbono a nivel global es propuesta como estrategia principal para la mitigación y/o adaptación. Por su parte, las escalas-niveles regionales y locales tienen menos importancia en el discurso público del IPCC y de las empresas asociadas a los proyectos productivos. Por su parte, elementos propios de estas últimas escalas-niveles son resaltados en las críticas ambientales a las forestales y al trigo HB4, en disonancia con los beneficios globales publicitados. Argumentamos pues que el discurso ambiental de las empresas precisa de una estrategia reduccionista en la que las escalas-niveles locales y regionales son reducidas a la escala-nivel global para mostrarse amigables con el ambiente, a la vez que justifica e invisibiliza los deterioros ambientales locales y regionales. (shrink)

In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the amodal (semantic) development of words and two popular emotional norms (emotional valence and arousal) in English and Spanish languages. To do so, we combined the strengths of semantics from vector space models (vector length, semantic diversity, and word maturity measures), and feature-based models of emotions. First, we generated a common vector space representing the meaning of words at different developmental stages (five and four developmental stages for English and Spanish, respectively) using (...) the Word Maturity methodology to align different vector spaces. Second, we analyzed the amodal development of words through mixed-effects models with crossed random effects for words and variables using a continuous time metric. Third, the emotional norms were included as covariates in the statistical models. We evaluated more than 23,000 words, whose emotional norms were available for more than 10,000 words, in each language separately. Results showed a curve of amodal development with an increasing linear effect and a small quadratic deceleration. A relevant influence on the amodal development of words was found only for emotional valence (not for arousal), suggesting that positive words have an earlier amodal development and a less pronounced semantic change across early lifespan. (shrink)

"El presente volumen colectivo recoge las ideas sobre la relación entre filosofía, política y religión de pensadores capitales de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Entre otros, Berlin, Arendt, Oakeshott, Aron, Hayek, Popper, Habermas, Taylor, Ratzinger, Strauss o Rawls. Los lectores encontrarán que el cuadro general que se desprende de su lectura no permite reducir su contenido a una idea fuerza o a una tesis general que unifique el libro. Los autores tratados, provenientes de disciplinas distintas, con intereses temáticos y (...) sensibilidades diversas, coinciden, sin embargo, en ofrecer una reconsideración teórica del papel de la religión en la sociedad y la política contemporáneas. Esta pluralidad de posiciones se presenta al lector como fruto de la indeterminación de las sociedades políticas occidentales respecto al problema de la religión. De esta forma, los clásicos contemporáneos que se visitan nos invitan a una discusión profunda y matizada, que servirá para intentar distinguir, de manera equilibrada, tanto los elementos donde religión y política han sido y son esferas enfrentadas, como aquellos donde el encuentro entre Atenas y Jerusalén produce una relación positiva."_ Editorial. (shrink)

On several key issues we agree with the commentators. Perhaps most importantly, everyone seems to agree that psychology has an important role to play in building better models of human vision, and (most) everyone agrees (including us) that deep neural networks (DNNs) will play an important role in modelling human vision going forward. But there are also disagreements about what models are for, how DNN–human correspondences should be evaluated, the value of alternative modelling approaches, and impact of marketing hype in (...) the literature. In our view, these latter issues are contributing to many unjustified claims regarding DNN–human correspondences in vision and other domains of cognition. We explore all these issues in this response. (shrink)

Este nuevo libro colectivo recoge los trabajos del grupo de investigación de Filosofía de la PUCE, elaborados entre 2019 y 2020. El tema elegido, Tecnología y política, define una de las problemáticas contemporáneas más relevantes dentro del trabajo académico. Como en ocasiones anteriores, cada autor plantea contextos de lectura diversos; los aportes recorren un escenario complejo, resultado de los caminos que cada uno ha elegido para consolidar su propia reflexión a partir de los proyectos de escritura de tesis de posgrado (...) y de investigaciones desarrolladas tanto en universidades europeas como americanas. Sin embargo, el punto de encuentro está dado en la perspectiva y en las condiciones que determinan la posibilidad de proponer un pensamiento crítico y propositivo desde América Latina. (shrink)

The goal of my essay is to clarify the status of the a priori in Hegel's Science of Logic. My claim is that in order to make possible an appreciation of the originality of Hegel's position we need to map a context of discussion and to dissolve a set of preconceptions about Hegel's idea of philosophy. My argument will be articulated in two parts. In the first part, I will analyse four possible positions regarding the issue of (...) the aprioricity of the Logic, I will defend a fifth position, and I will draw a distinction between apriorism and a priori. In the second part, I will examine three distinct charges of apriorism against Hegel's Logic: the charge of assuming God's point of view of the universe, the charge of vicious circularity between the beginning and the end of the Logic, the charge of self-sufficiency of the Logic. As a result, I hope to show that these charges are unfounded, and to clear the ground for an adequate evaluation of Hegel's own sublation of the a priori/a posteriori divide. (shrink)

This book presents a comprehensive and detailed exploration of the relationship between the thought of G.W.F. Hegel and that of John McDowell, the latter of whom is widely considered to be one of the most influential living analytic philosophers. It serves as a point of entry in McDowell’s and Hegel’s philosophy, and a substantial contribution to ongoing debates on perceptual experience and perceptual justification, naturalism, human freedom and action. The chapters gathered in this volume, as well as McDowell’s (...) responses, make it clear that McDowell’s work paves the way for an original reading of Hegel’s texts. His conceptual framework allows for new interpretive possibilities in Hegel’s philosophy which, until now, have remained largely unexplored. Moreover, these interpretations shed light on various aspects of continuity and discontinuity between the philosophies of these two authors, thus defining more clearly their positions on specific issues. In addition, they allow us to see Hegel’s thought as containing a number of conceptual tools that might be useful for advancing McDowell’s own philosophy and contemporary philosophy in general. (shrink)

In this work we review a set of readings of Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences –late text of Hegel's work, in which he presents his philosophical system in a completed and finished manner–: La respiración del ser from Germán Prósperi, "Hegel’s Linguistic Thought in the Philosophy of Subjective Spirit. Between Kant and the Metacritics” from J. Surber y “Sign and Symbol in Hegel's Aesthetics from Paul de Man. We propose to emphasize in three aspects analyzed by (...) class='Hi'>Hegel in the section on the “Subjective Spirit”: memory, imagination and remembrance. We will also make reference to Science of Logic in which Hegel develops the importance of dialects for philosophy. Our aim is to relate the three aspects mentioned above with Hegel's theorizations of language and nomination, in order to stress that these conceptualizations implies within his philosophical system. (shrink)

"'Tutta la nostra vita è un esercizio alla visione dell'Uno' : affrontando il pròblema per eccellenza della tradizione neoplatonica, il rapporto tra Unità e Molteplicità, il testo tenta di rinvenire il ligamen essenziale che muove le riflessioni di tre grandi pensatori della tarda antichità, cioè Plotino, Proclo e Dionigi Areopagita; questo, all'interno di una prospettiva teoretica, critica ed ermeneutica che tiene conto anche dei guadagni filosofici conseguiti da Hegel, Gentile e Severino, e dalla poesia pensante di Dante. Nello sforzo (...) di cogliere lo Stesso che si agita nelle differenze di cui si costituisce il mondo, si offre, nel corso dell'analisi, una disamina dei principali nodi aporetici che una metafisica henologica evoca: Uno e Tutto, Infinito e finito, processione e conversione, Eternità e tempo, immagine e linguaggio, Immediato e mediato. In particolare, il filo rosso che guida queste specificazioni è rintracciato nell'inesausta dialettica tra Pensiero ed Essere, da cui e in cui, in grazia di una 'magia che tutto produce', l'ignoranza umana si apre all'Altro-non-Altro, rendendosi divina"--. (shrink)

El artículo pretende ser una reflexión libre sobre la legitimidad de la exigencia a la filosofía formulada en la undécima tesis de Marx sobre Feuerbach. Esta, sin embargo,se refiere a un grupo determinado y a una manera de entender la filosofía, los neohegelianos llamados de izquierda y su concepción de la crítica, así como a Feuerbache inclusive a Hegel. Es en este contexto filosófico que hay que entenderla. Pese ala contraposición entre interpretación y tranformación que la tesis parece sugerir,el (...) autor desarrolla la idea de que la unidadestá dada por el hombre que interpreta cosas,las ordena en teorías y actúa en el mundo.De allí que si se le pide a la filosofía que transforme el mundo se extralimita su poder,pero sin ella toda transformación es impensable. (shrink)

Entender lo que ha sido y es hoy el proyecto filosófico de la modernidad tiene por propuesta de lectura obligada la hegeliana. Ésta abarca aspectos fundamentales como por ejemplo el fenómeno religioso, decisivo tanto para la interpretación de los procesos humanos como para la época moderna en tanto elemento de su autocompresión. La interpretación del diagnóstico hegeliano de la modernidad se apoya en la lectura sobre la doctrina hegeliana del suizo Karl Barth, quien utiliza dos argumentos: uno, la filosofía de (...) la confianza en sí mismo, y otro, el racionalismo radical. De acuerdo con ella, se analizan las razones del rechazo que ha sufrido Hegel por parte de la modernidad y se exponen algunas ideas sobre el concepto de pecado. (shrink)

Resumen: A la luz de la distinción elaborada por E. Tugendhat entre religión y mística, retomada a su modo por el teólogo J. Ratzinger, se examina la idea hegeliana según la cual la filosofía eleva la forma representativa propia de la religión a concepto. ¿Significa esto que la religión cristiana es..

Con este título se pretende llamar la atención sobre las consecuencias positivas que Hegel plantea para el arte al poner en alto el concepto de apariencia frente a las doctrinas que lo consideran con una profunda carga crítica y negativa, sobre todo en la tradición platónica. Hegel rescata el concepto de apariencia de la formalidad universalizante de la idea, que lo considera ajeno e innecesario al acontecer de lo absoluto, con el propósito de determinar su valor a partir (...) de la verdad intuitiva que propicia. (shrink)

In this essay I compare Hegel's theory of time and becoming with the contemporary debate, aiming on the one hand (A) at presenting Hegel's though in contemporary terms, and on the other, (B) at offering new inpunts to the present metaphysical debate from a Hegelian point of view. From a close reading of selected Hegelian texts I argue (1) that Hegel advocates a form of presentism and shares McTaggart's thesis that the B-series (chronological time) presupposes the A-series (...) (dynamical time); (2) tht his position is peculiar because, althought he admits that change is inconsistent, he puts jeopardy the law of non-contradiction (at least in its universality), instead of denying the reality of time and change, as McTaggart did. These considerations will then lead to Hegel's speculative logic. According to the so called coherentistic reading of Hegel's thought, he never seriously questioned the principle of non-contradiction: he would be just a very sophisticated Aristotelian, after all. I oppose this view, arguing (3) that Hegel was a proponent of an articulated form of dialetheism. (shrink)

In spite of his deep insights, Hegel fails to grasp the specific character of the war waged by the French Revolution and the Empire. His theory of limited warfare turns out to be a peculiar Sollen, but it is precisely this gap between rationality and reality what makes his classical model an appealing antithesis to postmodern violence. Keywords.